Housing, tenure and keeping warm
Does housing pressure accompany difficulty keeping homes warm?
27/27 countries paired. Missing or withheld: none.
Greece: X 26.40, Y 18.10. Paired-country medians: X 6.10, Y 5.70. EU27: X 7.70, Y 8.80.
Country pattern
X: People with housing costs over 40% of disposable income (%)
Y: People unable to keep home adequately warm (%)
Dashed lines are unweighted medians of paired countries, including Greece.
Association and sensitivity
Spearman ρ: 0.098. Leave-one-country-out range: -0.011 to 0.176. Descriptive only; no significance or causal verdict. Results depend on year and cohort.
Counterexamples to a simple story
Countries in median quadrants opposite to the proposed pattern, not a statistical rejection: Belgium, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Italy, Cyprus, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Hungary, Malta, Romania, Slovakia, Sweden
Exact country values
| Country | Year | People with housing costs over 40% of disposable income (%) | People unable to keep home adequately warm (%) | x_flag | y_flag |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium | 2025 | 6.70 | 4.20 | ||
| Bulgaria | 2025 | 6.90 | 16.10 | ||
| Czechia | 2025 | 8.20 | 4.10 | ||
| Denmark | 2025 | 14.70 | 4.50 | b | |
| Germany | 2025 | 11.20 | 5.70 | ||
| Estonia | 2025 | 8.80 | 3.10 | ||
| Ireland | 2025 | 5.30 | 4.50 | ||
| Greece | 2025 | 26.40 | 18.10 | ||
| Spain | 2025 | 7.20 | 15.90 | ||
| France | 2025 | 6.40 | 11.50 | ||
| Croatia | 2025 | 3.20 | 4.20 | ||
| Italy | 2025 | 5.00 | 8.60 | ||
| Cyprus | 2025 | 2.40 | 11.30 | ||
| Latvia | 2025 | 5.70 | 4.30 | ||
| Lithuania | 2025 | 5.70 | 16.70 | p | p |
| Luxembourg | 2025 | 8.10 | 3.50 | b | b |
| Hungary | 2025 | 5.30 | 5.80 | ||
| Malta | 2025 | 6.00 | 7.60 | ||
| Netherlands | 2025 | 6.50 | 6.60 | ||
| Austria | 2025 | 6.10 | 4.00 | ||
| Poland | 2025 | 4.10 | 3.20 | ||
| Portugal | 2025 | 6.30 | 15.60 | ||
| Romania | 2025 | 5.00 | 11.90 | ||
| Slovenia | 2025 | 3.50 | 3.60 | ||
| Slovakia | 2025 | 3.50 | 8.10 | b | |
| Finland | 2025 | 4.70 | 2.60 | ||
| Sweden | 2025 | 10.80 | 4.70 |
Greece through time
Separate observed levels, not a pooled time-series correlation. Flags remain visible; a break does not establish a continuous trend.
People with housing costs over 40% of disposable income (%)
People unable to keep home adequately warm (%)
Exact historical values
| Year | People with housing costs over 40% of disposable income (%) | People unable to keep home adequately warm (%) | x_flag | y_flag |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2004 | 24.70 | 16.80 | ||
| 2005 | 22.70 | 15.70 | ||
| 2006 | 24.60 | 12.00 | ||
| 2007 | 15.80 | 13.80 | ||
| 2008 | 22.20 | 15.40 | ||
| 2009 | 21.80 | 15.70 | ||
| 2010 | 18.10 | 15.40 | ||
| 2011 | 24.20 | 18.60 | ||
| 2012 | 33.10 | 26.10 | ||
| 2013 | 36.90 | 29.50 | ||
| 2014 | 44.90 | 32.90 | ||
| 2015 | 45.50 | 29.20 | ||
| 2016 | 40.50 | 29.10 | ||
| 2017 | 39.60 | 25.70 | ||
| 2018 | 39.50 | 22.70 | ||
| 2019 | 36.20 | 17.90 | ||
| 2020 | 33.30 | 17.10 | ||
| 2021 | 28.80 | 17.50 | ||
| 2022 | 26.70 | 18.70 | ||
| 2023 | 28.50 | 19.20 | ||
| 2024 | 28.90 | 19.00 | ||
| 2025 | 26.40 | 18.10 |
Look beneath the averages
Housing cost overburden: Owners without a mortgage
26.20 · 2025 · .
People spending over 40% of disposable income on housing, within this tenure group. Not the tenure share of the population.
Housing cost overburden: Owners with a mortgage
22.20 · 2025 · .
People spending over 40% of disposable income on housing, within this tenure group. Not the tenure share of the population.
Housing cost overburden: Market-rate tenants
26.00 · 2025 · .
People spending over 40% of disposable income on housing, within this tenure group. Not the tenure share of the population.
Housing cost overburden: Reduced-rent or rent-free tenants
36.20 · 2025 · .
People spending over 40% of disposable income on housing, within this tenure group. Not the tenure share of the population.
Population share: Owners without a mortgage
60.40 · 2025 · .
Population share by tenure, not number of dwellings or households. Missing groups must not be silently normalised.
Population share: Owners with a mortgage
8.90 · 2025 · .
Population share by tenure, not number of dwellings or households. Missing groups must not be silently normalised.
Population share: Market-rate tenants
24.10 · 2025 · .
Population share by tenure, not number of dwellings or households. Missing groups must not be silently normalised.
Population share: Reduced-rent or rent-free tenants
6.60 · 2025 · .
Population share by tenure, not number of dwellings or households. Missing groups must not be silently normalised.
Eurostat · 2026-10-25