Connected evidence

What makes up Greece’s productivity gap?

Separate sector mix from within-sector output per hour, then inspect firm size, innovation and investment as related context. Accounting contributions are not causes.

Period

27/27 countries have all ten sector inputs · Missing: n/a · Some Greek or EU inputs are provisional

Return to the exact GDP identity ↗

Sector figures use current-price GVA in EUR per hour, not GDP in PPS, and do not adjust for sector-specific prices. The symmetric accounting split sums exactly to the nominal GVA/hour gap against the official EU aggregate; it is not a real productivity or causal estimate.

Total gap · EUR/hour

-26.17

2024

Sector mix contribution

-5.22

Σ (sEL − sEU) × (pEL + pEU) / 2

Within-sector contribution

-20.95

Σ (pEL − pEU) × (sEL + sEU) / 2

Which sectors contribute to the gap?

Blue: sector mix · rust: within-sector · accounting contributions in EUR/hour, not wellbeing scores

Sector	Greece, € per hour	EU, € per hour	Mix	Within	Source flags
Farming, forestry, fishing	7.62	17.67	0.89	-0.82	p\|p\|\|
Industry and energy	29.56	55.50	-2.65	-3.32	p\|p\|\|
Construction	12.81	33.56	-0.82	-1.19	p\|p\|\|
Shops, transport, hotels, food	13.17	34.93	3.19	-6.83	p\|p\|\|
Information and telecoms	28.12	67.81	-0.62	-1.21	p\|p\|\|
Finance and insurance	76.20	92.24	-0.55	-0.32	p\|p\|\|
Real estate	496.91	451.14	-2.38	0.39	p\|p\|\|
Professional and support services	14.27	42.74	-0.93	-3.18	p\|p\|\|
Public sector, education, health	19.81	39.29	-1.21	-3.86	p\|p\|\|
Arts and other services	13.93	26.00	-0.15	-0.61	p\|p\|\|

Small firms: two different shares

Employment in firms with 0–9 persons

44.1%

2024

Enterprises with 0–9 persons

94.3%

2024

Industry, construction and market services (except public administration and defence; compulsory social security; activities of membership organisations) · Structural business statistics coverage, not the entire economy. Enterprise share and employment share answer different questions.

Innovation & investment · inspect the links

R&D expenditure · % of GDP

1.53 · 2024 No source flag

percent GDP · Spending input not innovation outcome; business R&D overlaps total and cannot be stacked with it.

Business-sector R&D expenditure · % of GDP

0.84 · 2024 No source flag

percent GDP · Spending input not innovation outcome; business R&D overlaps total and cannot be stacked with it.

Enterprises with at least basic digital intensity · 10+ persons employed

56.48 · 2025 No source flag

percent enterprises · DII version 3 only. Do not splice version 4 in 2024 into this trend. Excludes microbusinesses and financial sector; cannot represent all Greek firms.